marriage in african traditional society pdf

The findings have then been generalized to the rest of the U.S. population (Bean, Crane, & . No gain saying a relation of Mary Jesus mother was the host and Mary, Jesus and his disciples were duly invited. RITES OF PASSAGE AFRICAN TRADITIONAL REGION 1Dr. Theres no substitute for traditional marriage for on its foundation other traditions rest. The Igbos wedding traditions might be different from the United States wedding traditions, but some of their traditions should take and put them into our wedding traditions., Marriage is a personal accomplishment for me. The Role of Folk Music in Traditional African Society: The Igbo Experience 306 marriage rites, post natal ceremonies and other domestic duties. While a single lesson plan cannot fully explore the variety and complexity of African life, in this lesson students can gain insight into the lives of some black women in Sub-Saharan Africa by adopting a perspective that is in part traditional, based on the arts of African village life, and in part. 10.2307/1971859 JSTOR Its no surprised therefore that wedding is usually conducted after the couple had performed their traditional rites. The list of issues that defy a conclusive reasoning is non exhaustive especially within the context of the same sex marriage debate and they include - the socio-cultural and psychological disconnect that children are exposed to when their parents are gay or transgender, the ever evolving definition of a family unit, the inadequacy of the laws available to take care but largely vague in interpretation, who raises the children in a same sex marriage setting among others. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. the existence of deep-rooted poverty, harmful traditional practices, restrictive laws and social attitudes all pose serious threats to the work of civil society activists in the region. Marriage in South Africa exists in a number of different forms, as a result of the diversity of religions and cultures in the country. During this event, relations and the community witness the dowry and bride items given to the womans parent. In general, all ceremonies use the same principles. God created a woman for a man and brought her to him to name. To maintain some family identity, parents named their children after themselves or other relatives or sometimes gave them African names., It is said that the Africa culture stands out more than any other culture In the World. There are consequences on those who breached this norm. Weefree Ministries, as Jesus did,include ministering to the physical, emotional, mental, vocational, and financial needs of others. In some African regions if the couple is residing abroad, the traditional marriage will still be accomplished even in their absence by the family members back home. African and Chinese cultures both have very intriguing ways of how they proceed with their ceremony. In this presentation, the traditional African marriage is examined in relation to the involvement of family and community for sustenance from the perspective of Ama Ata Aido'sAnowa.Marriage in this context is a union which brings a man and a woman together for companionship and procreation. Once the wedding day comes, it is usually held at the brides compound. Marriage plays significant roles in the Igbo status system for the individuals and their family and relatives. New York: World Youth Alliance Press, 2018, Beyond the Quest for Historical Jesus in African Christianity: Albert Nolan, Jacques Dupuis and the Universality of Christ's saving work, Marriage and Meaningful Existence: A Philosophic Response to the Polemics on Marriage, RELIGION, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY VALUES IN AFRICA: ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS, The Challenge of Infertility to the Christian Marriage in Some African Societies: A Plea for an Ethical Response In The Light Of Donum Vitae, Religion Mariage and Family Values in Africa, Lessons from Scripture for Maasai Christianity, Lessons from Maasai Culture for the Global Church, UNDERSTANDING SAME SEX MARRIAGE AND ITS ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS ON AFRICAN VALUE SYSTEM: A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY, Promoting Chastity in Marriage through Marital Counseling In The Light Of Amoris Laetitia, The Blame of Infertility in Families amongst the Ikwerre People of Rivers State, Wife Battery: A Divine Command from the Garden of Eden or a Gene Disorder in Men? Fertility, marriage and economic change in Northwest Namibia, An Exploration of Polygamous Marriages: A Worldview, Sexism: A Hermeneutical Interrogation of Galatians 3: 28 and Women in the Church of Christ in Zimbabwe, Religions and the Responsibility of Men in relation to gender-based violence: An Ethical Plea, Understanding Religion in Traditional Africa, Masculinity, Marriage and the Bible: New Pentecostalist Masculinities in Zimbabwe, THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH TOWARDS AMELIORATION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES INIMICAL TO WOMEN LIBERATION IN IGBOLAND, The struggle for marriage: elite and non-elite weddings in rural Namibia, Gender Roles and Recruitment in Southern African Churches, 1996-2001, E-JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS AND THEOLOGICAL STUDIES, The Christology of Polygamy and the Marriage Covenant. In April 1862 he visited a slave market in Gallabat on what today is the border between Sudan and Ethiopia, where he saw a large number of 'lovely captives . The bride price is negotiable but it is the role of the grooms family to persuade the betrothed his father to trim the items on the list. The cultural values form a moral code, which regulates the community. - Agriculturally is easier to have a big family to cultivate the land. In some African Churches, couples that had performed their traditional marriage rites and live together without wedding are misconstrued fornicators. In a traditional family the parents contracted the marriage. It's an honor due to them that recycles to the couple when they become parent. This paper focuses on gender based violence to argue that not only does gender based violence in marriages risk the health and wellbeing of the couple, children and the society, but also threatens the realization of the essential properties of marriage. The essence is to serve God or gods effectively to avert its wrath and punishment. They also include a description of her familys background, education, hobbies, accomplishments and interests. Philosophers have also disputed the underlying moral and legal rationales for the structure of marriage, with implications for questions such as the content of its moral obligations and the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. Filed Under: Essays Tagged With: Family. Instead, the women are told to go to court. The African marriage is full of deep-rooted culture that cannot be wished away. So unhappy is the woman who fails to get children. The slaves discouraged casual sexual relationships and placed a lot emphasis on marriage and stability. Islamic laws and customs have shaped the institution of marriage in North Africa and in some nations of western and eastern Africa. Taboos represent the main source of guiding principles regulating and directing the behaviour of individuals and the community towards the Supreme Being and especially the gods and the ancestors in African traditional societies (Dagba et al 145). 3. This has undoubtedly undermined the institution of marriage. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies. The dowry and bride items include token money and various gifts. It includes norms and values of a society: their religion, politics, economics, technology, food habits, medicine, rules of marriage, the performing arts, law and so on. If accepted, vows are made and covenant entered. For example, if the culture, values private property, it will have laws that forbid theft of property. These values are best explained in African traditional marriages, family, clan, individual gifts and names, talents, cultural practices, arts and sculptures, dress, music and dance, folk stories amongst other traits peculiar to the African society. In African tradition, marriage was done after someone had gone through the adolescent stage where different It is an end or goal and its desirability can be taken for granted unconsciously. But right here is a summary of procedures before and after the Nuptials, the Xhosa way. Such a reference would mean that the well-educated person would tend first to attribute his/her success to God, and so too would his/her family members. As a matter of fact, before any Church wedding commences in African or of African descent the clergy would ascertain that traditional rites had been fulfilled. If the woman accepts the proposal, the grooms family presents bride price and associated items to the brides parent. "Marriage in Africa was the means of ensuring reproduction, but things change", explained Dr Lynne Brydon in the opening remarks of the 2017 Cadbury Conference, an annual event held by the University of Birmingham's Department of African Studies and Anthropology (DASA). C.N Nwadiokwu, 2E.S Nwadiokwu, 3E.N Favour, 4 It must be noted that the African society loves to have children. At marriage, every African Christian couple, especially in mission-founded churches, is confronted with three worlds the world of the traditional culture to which most parents of marrying-age children belong; the world of the civil or network. Religion informs everything in traditional African society, including political art, marriage, health, diet, dress, economics, and death. Even though liberated in Christ, the battered syndrome of colonization is still within us. African Conception on Marriage and Family Marriage occupies an important position in the affairs of Africans, especially in the past. Marriage takes many forms in Africa. Efundula: Wo men's Initiation, Gender and Sexual Identities in Colonial and Post-Colonial Northern Namibia, Obstacles in the Way of Love: The Enslavement of Intimacy in Samuel Crowther and Ama Ata Aidoo, Optimal pipeline connection for the west african gas pipeline network, Towards an African Atlantic: Ama Ata Aidoo's diasporic theater. In this vein, traditional sex laws are relatively relevance in all African society to avoid a breach of good . The Jewish practice is akin to African traditional marriage rites. In the traditional African society, older people were highly esteemed because of the important roles they played by helping to integrate the society, preserve its cultural values, transmit knowledge and skills, settle disputes and educate the young. In recent years, modern life, industry, And through all the hardships they had placed on them, they developed strong emotional bonds and family ties. show evidence of ownership and when accepted by brides father or his representative evidence transfer authority of ownership of the bride from the father to the husband. It summarizes gender issues under students perceptions of gender roles, norms, and practices in relation to themselves, their peer group, and their perceptions of generational change compared with those of their parents and grandparents. while caution must be exercised in the quest for the liberation of women so that African cultural values can be retained, and thus not destroyed under the guise of civilization. This paper is comprised of a literature review and an annotated bibliography of past and current empirical and theoretical scholarship and policy analysis concerning the de jure and de facto rules and norms of inheritance practices in African societies, particularly with regard to physical assets, and their effects on the intergenerational Customarily, in practically all these traditional African societies girls' bodies were also heavily decorated by women themselves in their society's signs and symbols. In this presentation, the traditional African marriage is examined in relation to the involvement of family and community for sustenance from the perspective of Ama Ata Aido'sAnowa.Marriage in this context is a union which brings a man and a woman together for companionship and procreation. This study looks at the pre-existing traditions of marriage(s), its values, beliefs and practices in Igbo land and the influence of the Western Judo-Christian cultural and religiosity . (b) Explain four reasons which made traditional African communities to offer sacrifices. [3] In many African societies the expectant mother may be smarred all over her body with white chalk and wears protective amulets. This shall be the focus of our discussion in this paper. There are many reasons why Africans practised polygamy but here are the common reasons given through the years: - A man's wealth is measured by the number of wives and children he has. Unfortunately the status of Zimbabwean women is still in a sad state due to the prevalence of masculinist and patriarchal norms that negatively portray Zimbabwean women as subordinates and men as dominating all aspects of life. bo society dominated the early centuries from 1408 to the present period. With a rich and diverse culture African culture is known to change from county to county, many cultures along with traditions are found in Africa which makes Africa diverse, unique and mesmerizing in many ways to the world. According to Malinowski, " marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children." . African culture and traditions are handed down from generation to generation. The purpose of this research is to show that until and unless there is a paradigm shift on the beliefs, teachings and practices of apostolic sects in terms of a deeper HIV and AIDS awareness programmes targeting these sects, the Zimbabwean women will continue to suffer. of marriage and divorce in contemporary Igbo society. The history of marriage customs in Africa are, interestingly, based on practices that other cultures around the world have historically practiced. Essay on MARRIAGE IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY AND ITS, The Practice of Lobola in Contemporary South African Society, African Traditional Family Hunger For Culture, African wedding traditions TraditionsCustoms.com Its the start of a new life for the bride and groom, together and out of the households of their parents., Arranged Marriage is a form of Marriage when your parents, families, and communities pick who your significant other is. In a modern family people is less subject to the parental control in the matter of mate choice. The family occupies a pivotal place in every society and in the Africa continent at large. In an article about the reality of arranged marriages, in Japan, when a woman reaches the age of 25 she and her parents make a packet of information about her including a picture of the young girl in a kimono. Get ideas to incorporate into yours. When looking at marriage as an institution, as opposed to a free-standing concept, marriage represents socially sanctioned behaviour. The bride and the groom marry for further lineage of the groom's family. This is to show how crucial it is! A community has distinct beliefs, customs and cultural practices. by J. Kgler / R. Gabaitse / J. Stiebert), Marriage and family life in Zimbabwean culture. This paper takes the case of gender based violence (GBV) as a power that threatens the marriage institution. Grounding its argument from the conceptual understanding of marriage from both the African and the Roman Catholic Church points of view, the paper discusses the aspect of hegemonic masculinities as one of the root causes of gender based violence that threatens the marriage bond. It is important to state that child bearing is fundamental to African marriage as it was the major crisis that brought this one to failure. We missed a balanced understanding of the contradictions that this ambiguity presented. Traditional verses Current Situation in Africa Traditional African society knew only one religion, ATR which greatly shaped the lives of the African people. The Igbos people are located in the southeastern part of Nigeria. Second, the continued Eurocentric descriptions and characterization of the African traditional family as some what depraved lead to the use of such terms as bride price, avoidance social taboos, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in African marriages and families. The institution of marriage1, the backbone of society, appears to be under threat. 4. In India among tribes of Tiyan, Toda, Kota, Khasa . Anyone can have a wedding but only God can create a marriage. The different forms of marriage included musengabere, kuzvarira, kutema ugariri, kuganha, kutizisa or kutizira, chimutsamapfiwa, kugara or kugarwa nhaka, matengana gudo and kukumbira, among others. The African marriage is full of deep-rooted culture that cannot be wished away. He is a prolific writer and columnist for Christian Herald, Christian Faith Trumpet and Christian Mirror. Even if they object, by virtue of beings parents, they must be duly and respectfully informed. Some slaves tried to continue practices, such as polygamy, that were a part of traditional African cultures but were unsuccessful. The wedding tradition came along with colonization and the inception of Christianity in Africa. THE PLACE OF TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE IN AFRICAN CULTURE, Marriage not wedding was the real miracle. Unfortunately, as a result ofthemen being much older at the time of marriage, most women become widows, knowing that it is understood that they should never remarry again. A clan is made up of a family who either are related by blood and marriage. African culture and traditions are handed down from generation to generation. When a woman gets married the entire community rejoices with African Wedding Traditions Everything You Want To Know, TRADITIONAL ETHICS AND THE MAINTENANCE OF SOCIAL, CHRISTIAN VALUES AND AFRICAN CULTURE AN EVALUATION, MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE AMONG THE ASANTE Centre of African All they need is marriage blessings. Royal African Society. The parents and close relations are duly intimated as required by the custom. It is indeed the dissolution of a marriage by judgment of a court or by accepted custom. History Of Marriage Customs In Africa The focus is on the collective more than the individual. At the beginning of the wedding, the bride walks around, selling boiled eggs to her guests to prove that shes able to make money. The gospel of John in its second chapter records a marriage ceremony in the town of Cana in Galilee. In the extended family, aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents played important roles. The Biblical view of marriage will be studied in relation to the human fall and the Cross of Jesus Christ. A value is that quality of a thing thought of as being more or less desirable, useful, estimable and important. (a) Outline six roles of diviners in Traditional African society. It is found that there are many differences between the two of these cultures. This paper examines union patterns of young women (aged 15-29) in more than two dozen countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with the objective of documenting and analyzing the extent and nature of the. Sodi et al. In traditional African society, marriage between close relatives is not allowed. It was a white bodyEastern European-looking like the stereotypewith a white bra and G-string. Some people are only excited with Jesus first public miracle- the turning of water into wine and may not see the main miracle in the passage. Thus, it recommended that cultural practices that are harmful to women should be discarded, Despite this, recent studies on the marriage institution reveal that speaking of marriage as an exclusive union of love, joy, and great intimacy risks being termed a contradiction amidst the experiences of violence today. Unlike, that of my own culture in the United States of America, where I am free as a citizen to choose whomever I may choose to marry and when and if I may marry. The African marriage is an integral part of the whole African culture and was a rite of passage for every mature man and woman. Research is revealing trends that Americans are . The World Book Encyclopedia states that 40% of Africans identify as Christian while 45% are Muslim. These three ceremonies involve fortune and time. African wedding traditions Africa, with its many nations and tribes, is very rich in different wedding traditions. The African marriage is full of deep-rooted culture that cannot be wished away. in life. Helping another person experiencing psychosocial or emotional distress and mentoring someone to achieve a life goal can be one of the most enabling human services. Love, economic status, religious beliefs, political views, and social acceptance are just a few reasons individuals marry across differing cultures., In the tribal villages of eastern Africa the Maasai marriages are arranged by the elders without ever first consulting the bride or the mother of the bride to be. In an African customary marriage, there is an arrangement between families where lobolo (bride wealth) was seen as a token of gratitude for the upbringing of the daughter, as well as a step to. Family, Gender Roles, and Marriage in the Ancient Near East and the Greco-Roman World, BiAS Series, Joachim Kuegler, Rosinah Gabaitse, Blessing Nyahuma, Mark S Aidoo, Mavis Muguti, Menard Musendekwa, daniel nii aboagye aryeh, PhD, Kudzai Biri, Francis Machingura, Josiah Ucheawaji, Journal of Nigerian Association for the Study of Religions (NASR), Making Tradition: A Historical Perspective on Gender in Namibia, Putting them in their place:respectable and unrespectable women in Zimbabwean gender struggles, VIOLATION AND ABUSE OF WOMENS HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CUSTOMARY PRACTICE OF KUZVARIRA" AMONG THE NDAU PEOPLE OF MOZAMBIQUE, ALook AT THE STRUGGLE OF ZIMBABWEAN MARRIED WOMEN REGARDING SAFE SEX, Sex Work as a test case for African feminism, Harmonise Zimbabwe's marriage laws before changing marriage certificates, 'Let them come to me!' Contra Bamikole, the paper argues that the capacity of the agba (elder) to manage conflict shrewdly in traditional Yoruba society was a combined function of the elders personality, proverbial It is also a legal way of ending marriage (Macmillan School Dictionary, 2011). However, it is common to see some people taking part in all these forms of marriage. Key words: Africa, culture, Women's right, Yoruba Introduction Discourse on the rights of women in Africa has been a major focus of contemporary scholarship in Africa. Every marital breach African culture and traditions are handed down from generation to generation. The article explores a variety of marital counselling approaches relevant to African settings: indigenous, Western, Christian and Islamic. Traditional African Society. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Today, we not only speak of marriage as a union of love but also as one whose space is contested by various external forces. ."); Talking Points on Traditional Marriage, CONCERNED WOMEN Africa culture is all about the ethnic groups family traditions, the literature, art and music shows the religion along with the social paths of their culture. Chapter 3 investigated the Chapter 3 investigated the different reasons for divorce among the population. A bstract: The celebration of marriage manifests a union of love, joy and great intimacy. Marriage ceremonies throughout Africa vary greatly depending on the faith of the individuals. Traditional marriage is a community affair. If she confirms, the groom comes back the next day with his father and elders to discuss the brides settlement price. Despite this manifestation, marriage has been very often exposed to incidences of violence. The Role of Folk Music in Traditional African Society: The Igbo Experience 306 marriage rites, post natal ceremonies and other domestic duties. The marriage ceremony was based on the principle of male dominance and female obedience. Most Africans underwent three marriage rites before they could have their wives. It is what it means to be male or female in a certain society that shapes the opportunities one is offered in life, the roles one may play, and the kinds of relationships one may have. Even when they fought their ways through years of conflicts, thank God they have something to celebrate. It was the marriage ceremony that attracted people to the place. As they witnessed their daughter and son make vows of marriage and enters into this Gods designed institution, they joyfully solicit Gods blessings on the new couple, wishing them growth and fruitfulness. 303-325. I paid my toll more than twenty years ago. Most African Americans get married but chances of the marriage lasting are slim. The escalating experiences of violence as force among married couples, call to question what it means to be husband and wife or whether marriage is merely an ideal so difficult to realize. African women by officially recognising all African customary marriages in South Africa. African society, on the other hand, does not emphasize individual looks and lust as the primary motivation for marriage, but rather the basic focus is on building families and communities. I thought marriage was the same everywhere until I traveled to different regions of the world. Though these networks may not continue in their traditional form, extended family relationships are still very close and important to one's life. The Igbos take the wedding traditions series and the wedding is a celebration for everyone in the town. As an example, there is no such thing as a "cousin" in Zimbabwean culture. In traditional rural African societies, the contraction of marriage was dominated by arranged marriages whereby parents usually indulged in the selection of marriage partners for their children; this was mostly common for their daughters. Marriage in Traditional African Society and Its Televance. My parents were together for 15 years before they divorced but before the split I was able to witness the idea of a family. Julius Gathogo, Jennifer Sistig, Judith Kotze, Kudzai Biri, Johannes Wessels, Joachim Kuegler, Stephanie Feder, Francis Machingura, Fortune Sibanda, BiAS Series, Reverend Nyasha Madzokere, Canisius Mwandayi, Musa W. Dube, Lovemore Togarasei, Moji Ruele, IN: Networks, Resources and Economic Action. Marriage in South Africa Wikipedia, Marriage in African Traditional Society UK Essays As both a sacrament and covenant, marriage is traceable back to its origin, God, who is Love. Despite this manifestation, marriage has been very often exposed to incidences of violence. Society has moved on; the traditional idea of marriage is outdated. Thera Rasing Traditional modern and christian teachings in Political philosophers have taken the organization of sex and reproduction to be essential to the health of the state, and moral philosophers have debated whether marriage has a special moral status and relation to the human good. Tel: 8328813929 (Cell). Karen Tranberg Hansen, "Married Women and Work: Explorations from an Urban Case," African Social Research zo (1975), 777-799; Karen Tranberg Hansen, "Negotiating Sex and Gender in Urban Zambia," Journal of Southern African Studies 0o, z (1984), 219-238. Journal of Nigerian Association for the Study of Religions (NASR), Icheke Journal of the Faculty of Humanities, UCLA Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, Oracle of Wisdom Journal of Philosophy and Public Affairs, African Studies Quarterly, Vol. Keywords: same sex marriage, regulation, institution. The point is that this Blessed be the God of all creation for being in the business of creating marriages as well as rebuilding and amending them. Most couples these days appear in wedding gowns and suits rather than put on our rich traditional costumes. Fewer said having their relationship recognized in a religious ceremony (30%), financial stability (28%) or legal rights and benefits (23% . The following discussion of cohabitation and mar-riage reflects some of the biases in the literature . From tying the knot to jumping the broom, the traditions incorporated in African American weddings are often a mix of customs borrowed . God wants marriage to be the way it was when He first created Eve from Adam. Some neither concern whether it was a wedding or traditional marriage nor can distinguish between the two. An analysis of the cultural aspects of the marriage in the Shona traditional religion in Zimbabwe, Religion Mariage and Family Values in Africa, Traditional Marriage System in Ikwerre from Pre colonial Times to the Recent Past, Title Women Subjugating Women: Re-Reading Mariama B's So Long a Letter and Scarlet Song Publication Date, UNDERSTANDING SAME SEX MARRIAGE AND ITS ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS ON AFRICAN VALUE SYSTEM: A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY, is a Senior Research Fellow and Head of Religions and Philosophy Unit at the Institute of African Studies, Contemporary Zongo Communities in Accra Interfaith Marriages: The Case of Muslims and Christians in Accra, Elisheva Baumgarten, Judaism, in Don S. Browning and Marcia J. Bunge, eds., Children and Childhood in World Religions: Primary Sources and Texts (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2020), 15-81, SEXUAL DISCOURSE IN WOLE SOYINKA'S 'THE LION AND THE JEWEL' AND LOLA SHONEYIN'S 'THE SECRET LIVES OF BABA SEGI'S WIVES', Constructing the Meaning of Childlessness within the Luo Community of Western Kenya, BiAS 28 / ERA 6: "The Wounded Beast?" Deep-Rooted culture that can not be wished away position in the Igbo Experience 306 rites... Something to celebrate bodyEastern European-looking like the stereotypewith a white bra and.!, they must be duly and respectfully informed mother may be smarred all over her body white. Easier to have a big family to cultivate the land their ways through years of conflicts, thank they. Continent at large get children tribes, is very rich in different wedding traditions in South Africa battered of... Societies the expectant mother may be smarred all over her body with white chalk and wears amulets. 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Americans get married but chances of the marriage ceremony that attracted people to the,... The whole African culture and traditions are handed down from generation to generation European-looking like stereotypewith! Africa traditional African society, marriage between close relatives is not allowed and female obedience every mature man woman! Generalized to the couple had performed their traditional marriage rites before they could have their wives the and! A marriage ceremony was based on practices that other cultures around the world in! Maintenance of children. & quot ; marriage is an integral part of African. 40 % of Africans, especially in the town of Cana in Galilee been often. Threatens the marriage ceremony was based on the collective more than the individual man. Both have very intriguing ways of how they proceed with their ceremony of Christianity in Africa traditional society. Despite this manifestation, marriage and family marriage occupies an important position in the affairs marriage in african traditional society pdf Africans especially!

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marriage in african traditional society pdf