This nasopharyngeal infection is known as Halzoun syndrome in the Middle East or as Marrara in Sudan (1,2). Nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment. Ann Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri A, Gamali R, Kazemi A (1997) A case report of Halzon syndrome. Exotic worms and worm-like parasites, and surveillance in the UK. We assumed the mode of infection to be ingestion or direct eye contact with L. serrata eggs and the source of infection to be 1 of the patients 2 pet dogs. a species most common in Europe, but also found in the U.S., South America, and probably elsewhere; the adult is a whitish, soft, flattened, anulated worm equipped with hooks by which it attaches itself to the nasal mucosa of dogs and other canids; the larvae develop in the liver and lymph nodes of rodents, swine . The phylogenetic position of the pentastomids is still not fully resolved. Our findings offer that physicians should consider the Linguatula infection in patients with complaints like unexpected dysphagia, with coughing, sneezing, and vomiting, after consuming raw/undercooked contaminated ruminants viscera. Emerging Infectious Diseases . Linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan, bloodsucking parasite found in both domestic and wild animals. [Google Scholar] Meshgi B, Asgarian O. Infestations of the worm are frequent in humans, and deaths have even been reported due to blocked nasal passages. (Drabick, 1987; Shakerian, et al., 2008; Tavassoli, et al., 2007). living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. CAS PubMed Humans are an accidental definitive host for Linguatula serrata. PubMedGoogle Scholar. View data is from . Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 9 (6): 1087-1095. The patient (20 years old male) was presented with main conspicuous complaints, fever, urticaria (face and . Korean J Radiol 11:480484. Acta Trop 62:127134, Yazdani R, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Mohammadi MA (2014) Human linguatulosis caused by linguatula serrata in the City of Kerman, South-Eastern Iran-case report Iran. Larval L. serrata normaly measure 3-4 mm. Parasitol Res 120, 30453050 (2021). Imported non-endemic, arthropod-borne and parasitic infectious diseases in Austrian dogs. living in the northern part of the Old World. Cannon. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The mean age of the patients was 25.8years (varied from 8 to 79years). The clinical picture of the case was very puzzling and the attack lasted for 15 days. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(69)90131-x, Shamsi S, Barton DP, Zhu X, Jenkins DJ (2020) Characterisation of the tongue worm, Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae), in Australia. Human might be involved in case of consuming raw or semi cooked liver of animals. Because of its two pairs of leg-like appendages, the first larval instar superficially resembles a nymphal mite, though it is actually a nauplius. Ind Medical Gazette 75(8):478, CAS T he species Linguatula serrata belongs to the Parasite Epidemiol Control 7: e00111. Dysphagia. [The prevalence of Linguatula serrata (Frhlich, 1789) nymphs in sheep in the Van province]. Intraocular infection is extremely rare; only 5 cases caused by L. serrata tongue worms have been described: 2 from the southern United States (45), 1 from Portugal (6), 1 from Israel (7), and 1 from Ecuador (8). A Case of Pentastomiasis at the Left Maxilla Bone in a Patient with Thyroid Cancer. We take your privacy seriously. All species infecting humans are currently classified as Porocephalida; the species L. serrata and Armillifer armillatus are responsible for most human cases of infection. J Parasitol 3:5355, Arbabi M, Mobedi I, Boostani M (1997) First case report of Marrara disease from Kashan. The infection is caused by a cosmopolitanfood-borne zoonoticparasiteLinguatula serrata (L. serrata) belonging to class pentastomida.Adult parasitesreside in upper respiratory system, nasal airways and sinuses of carnivorous animals as their final hosts.Herbivorous and other ruminants as intermediate hosts reserve . Human linguatulosis is a rare but highly specialized pentastomid parasitic infection all around the world. Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W . They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Dermatol 181(4):327329, Chejfec G (1999) Markell & Voges medical parasitology. Humans can also serve as accidental intermediate hosts, when ingesting the eggs (visceral infection) (3). However, the distance between L. serrata and the other species is larger than that between any other species. The disease is caused by worm-like parasites which share some morphologic features of arthropods and annelids. Parsitology Today, 5 (4): 126-132. This material is based upon work supported by the Google Scholar, El-Hassan AM, Eltoum IA, El-Asha BM (1991) The Marrara syndrome: isolation of Linguatula serrata nymphs from a patient and the viscera of goats. Tavassoli M, Tamaddonfard E, Mirshekar F, Hajipour N, Erfanparast A. Vet Parasitol. Tran Roy Soci Trop Med Hyg 85(2):309309, Foreyt WJ (2013) Vet Parasitol Ref Man. fertilization takes place within the female's body. Pesquisa de informao mdica. The parasite was examined in the Parasitology Laboratory and it was observed that this parasite was the nymph of L. serrata whose mouth was surrounded with four hooks and had approximately 90 body segments with small hooks. The data and materials used in the study are available upon request from the corresponding author. The intermediate hosts of these parasites are usually sheep, cattle, or rodents. Humans are intermediate incidental hosts and dead end for the parasite. Parasite: Linguatula serrata. Google Scholar, Meshgi B, Asgarian O (2003) Prevalence of Linguatula serrata infestation in stray dogs of Shahrekord, Iran. eCollection 2019 Nov. Cho ES, Jung SW, Jung HD, Lee IY, Yong TS, Jeong SJ, Kim HS. 'ta. A behavioral evaluation of the effects of ingestion of Linguatula serrata nymphs in rats. The disease is caused by worm-like parasites which share some morphologic features of arthropods and annelids. Human linguatulosis is a rare but highly specialized pentastomid parasitic infection all around the world. PScript5.dll Version 5.2 This review includes previous studies on the genus Linguatula in Iran and other countries from 1940 to 2019. uuid:610fcf74-7bdc-419a-868e-d6a8cd38276e She had no history of bites or other infestations, and neither she nor any of her animals had been abroad. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39(5):808812, Roy D, Ganguly S (1940) Linguatulid infection in man. There was little information on the longevity of adults, but other pentastomid species can live for around ten years. Finally, 30 papers of 62 human cases were included in this study. J Biomed Clinic Res 6(2):131134, Mehlhorn H (ed) (2008) Encyclopedia of parasitology.3Rd. Microbial Patho 104600, Bhende M, Abhishek JB, Raman M, Bhende PS (2014) Linguatula serrata in the anterior chamber of the eye. Google Scholar, Islam R et al (2018) Linguatula serrata, a food-borne zoonotic parasite, in livestock in Bangladesh: Some pathologic and epidemiologic aspects Veterinary parasitology. (Drabick, 1987; Lazo, et al., 1999), This parasite uses domesticated and wild herbivores as intermediate hosts, including sheep, goats, camels, and many other small ruminants. No medical treatment was given to the patient except that gargling with saline solution was . The larvae use leg-like appendages for movement through the intermediate host. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 4 (3): 25-31. Many human infections arise in underdeveloped areas of the world like the Middle East, India, Africa, and Southeast Asia, where eating raw glands of cattle, sheep, and other herbivorous mammals is a part of a normal diet. The authors thank Christopher Kiss for help with producing the video and Jacek Pietrzak for excellent technical assistance. Banaja, A. Pal S S, Bhargava M, Kumar A et al . Musharrafeh U, Hamadeh G, Touma A, Fares J. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Google Scholar, Ryan E, Hill D R, Solomon T et al (2019) Hunters tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases E-Book, 10th edn. Google Scholar, Hajipour N, Tavassoli M (2019) Prevalence and associated risk factors of Linguatula serrata infection in definitive and intermediate hosts in Iran and other countries: a systematic review Veterinary parasitology. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adv biomed Res, Iran, p 1, Islam R, Hossain MS, Alam Z et al (2018) Linguatula serrata, a food-borne zoonotic parasite, in livestock in Bangladesh: some pathologic and epidemiologic aspects. Parassitologia 43:105108, Parenzan P, Chieffi G (1951) First clinical case of human infestation from Linguatula serrata in Italy. Humans can serve both roles. living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns. IJP: Parasites and Wildlife 11:149157. Ind J Ophthalm 62(12):1159, Article . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 2012. Part of Springer Nature. doi: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00111. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses, Anaraki Mohammadi G, Mobedi I, Ariaiepour M, Pourmohammadi Z, Zare Bidaki Z (2008) A case report of nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis in Tehran, Iran and characterization of the isolated linguatula serrata Iranian. Most cases of linguatuliasis or pentastomiasis are recorded in the Middle East. . Epub 2020 Sep 23. Katie Behrmann (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Heidi Liere (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, John Marino (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Barry OConnor (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Renee Mulcrone (editor), Special Projects. are found in the nasal passages and frontal sinuses of dogs and other canids, domestic animals, and humans. PubMed Sequence similarities to other pentastomids range from 90.0% (Armillifer agkistrodontis, Porocephalus crotali) to 90.8% (Raillietiella spp.). J Parasit Dis: 19. While the larvae are encysted, many of them die and calcify after about two years, but if the definitive, carnivorous host feeds upon the intermediate host when the larvae are in their third stage, the carnivore acquires the parasite. Linguatula serrate, an ectoparasite, belonging to the arthropods order, has diverse forms of adult, nymph and larva. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. Altogether, the morphologic appearance of this specimen was similar to the organism described by Lazo et al. Considering a few reports of human infestation, a comprehensive search was performed on both English and Persian databases for publications reporting human cases all around the world. Linguatula serrata. Thelazia callipaeda, Dirofilaria repens and Linguatula serrata - all three of them zoonoses - have been reported to the APHA and the European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites UK and Ireland, and they have joined forces to try to map UK distribution. found in the oriental region of the world. In fact, at least 1 morphologic feature might support this position: typical Porocephalida, such as those in the genus Armillifer, have their hooks horizontally lined up, whereas the hooks of cephalobaenids are pairwise obliquely arranged, as in those in the genus Linguatula (14). Careers. 2012 Apr;24(2):222-7. (Drabick, 1987; Lazo, et al., 1999; Shakerian, et al., 2008), Lengths range from a few millimeters to 15 centimeters (cm). The first three abdominal annuli have three pairs of sensory papillae. Case Report PMID . 2019 May 19;7:e00111. Iran Tropical Animal Health Prod 51:879885. Correspondence to Arbabi M, Hooshyar H, Mobedi Em Boostani M (1997) First case report of Marrara disease from Kashan. Google Scholar, Buslau M, Khne U, Marsch WC (1990) Dermatological signs of nasopharyngeal linguatulosis (Halzoun, Marrara syndrome)the possible role of major basic protein. Dietary habits play the important roles in the transmission of the parasite. It causes pentastomiasis and respiratory tract disorder in reptiles or carnivores and herbivorous mammals and rarely human. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature. No medical treatment was given to the patient except that gargling with saline solution was recommended. J Med Sci 55:439441, CAS The life cycle of Linguatula spp. Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. 2007. The larvae develop to their adult stage in the nasopharynx of the carnivorous mammals and mate. South-Eastern Iran-Case Report Iran J Parasitol 9(2):282, PubMed https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.187, Article American Journal of Tropical Medicine, 60 (3): 405-409. 1984. Parassitologia 43(3):105108, Ravindran R, Lakshmanan B, Ravishankar C, Subramanian H (2008) Prevalence of Linguatula serrata in domestic ruminants in South India. There is no known positive importance for this species. Bookshelf J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. Bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum. We describe a case of ocular linguatulosis in central Europe and provide molecular data on L. serrata tongue worms. 2014;9(2):282-5. Diagnosis of human visceral pentastomiasis. Disclaimer: The polyclinic doctor suspected that the worm was a parasite but he could not make a diagnosis, and the patient was referred to Health Research and Training Hospital, Yznc Yl University. Georgopoulos M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W, et al. Schmutzhard E and Helbok R (2014). Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2010.11.4.480, Article Larvae (nymphs) of Linguatula spp. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. Both adults and larvae are dorso-ventrally flattened. Find details on Linguatula serrata in dogs including diagnosis and symptoms, active forms, resting forms, clinical effects, treatment and more. Trk Parazitol Derg 35(1):47. The adult male L. serrata is 1.8-2 cm, while an adult female is 8-13 cm. 1987. eCollection 2020 Apr. Her complete blood count revealed cell differentiation within normal limits without eosinophilia. (Lazo, et al., 1999), Adult Linguatula serrata uses papillae on its annuli to sense its environment. TWO CASES OF HUMAN INFESTATION BY LARVAE OFLINGUATULA SERRATA BY W. ST. C. SYMMERS AND K. VALTERIS From the Department of Pathology, University of Birmingham (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION APRIL 25, 1950) Human infestation by Linguatula serrata, one of the family of linguatulids or so-called tongue-worms, is uncommon; the recorded cases appear . Nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. (2011) Linguatula serrata . A prevalence of 38.57% and 35.67% was recorded in 2010 and 2011, respectively, in Jalingo, Taraba State. In cases with ocular localization of the parasites, surgical removal is the treatment of choice. A human nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis was reported for the second time in Egypt andSymptomatic treatment was given followed by a single dose of praziquantel after identification of the causative parasite. (Tavassoli, et al., 2007). (Riley, 1983), Linguatula serrata reaches sexual maturity after several molts in a carnivorous host's repiratory tract. Google Scholar, Gardiner CH, Dyke JW, Shirley SF (1984) Hepatic granuloma due to a nymph of Linguatula serrata in a woman from Michigan: a case report and review of the literature. During an ongoing project on conservation biology of Baird's tapir (Tapirus . A prevalence of 38.57% and 35.67% was recorded in 2010 and 2011, respectively, in Jalingo, Taraba State. FJ528908). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 11:149157. Her nose and throat were examined carefully for additional parasites. The adult worm lives in the nasal cavities and sinuses and . Source: Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria volume120,pages 30453050 (2021)Cite this article. Turk Parazitol Derg 19(2):261271, Moghadam Y, Talar S, Dehghani R (2001) A case of Human Linguatula serrata infestation in Kashan. Journal of Parasitic Diseases B) Posterior end laterally with primordial uterus, genital porus, and intestine (note peristalsis). Effect of age, sex, and season on the prevalence of Linguatula serrata infestation in mesenteric lymph nodes of goats slaughtered in Tabriz, Iran. 2001; 55:439-441. Linguatula serrata, infection in a dog imported from Ethiopia to the United States Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports 16:100273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100273, Oluwasina OS, Thankgod OE, Augustine OO, Gimba FI (2014) Linguatula serrata (Porocephalida: Linguatulidae) infection among client-owned dogs in Jalingo, North Eastern Nigeria: prevalence and public health implications. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. We hope that our data will be an impetus for a comprehensive phylogenetic study of this group of parasites. Pentastomid females usually mate only once during their lifetime, but eggs develop inside females, who have already stored sperm in the spermathecae. The authors thank the Infectious Diseases Research Center of Arak University of Medical Sciences. Bed bugs; Other names: Cimicosis, bed bug bites, bedbugs, bed bug infestation: An adult bed bug In carnivores, including dogs, it usually parasitises the nasal cavity and sinuses, causing upper respiratory signs. a true worm), but a crustacean, like shrimps, crabs, etc.In has the form of a tongue, hence its Latin name Linguatula meaning "small tongue". Classification, To cite this page: The eggs are about 70-90 micrometers and contain the fully-developed first stage of the larva. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN, p 1118682262. Characterization of the tongue worm, Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae), in Australia. Topics liver, or serous membranes. The girl had redness, pain, and progressive visual loss in the right eye. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Najaf-Abad, Iran. During these sexually immature stages, it resides in the herbivorous mammal's mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs and liver. Cluster analysis was performed by using the PHYLIP 3.63 package (www.phylip.com), with neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood as evolutionary models and 100 bootstrap replicates generated for each model. The aim of this study was to collect data and provide information on clinical diagnosis of disease, methods of dissemination, prevention and treatment of human linguatuliasis in order to increase peoples awareness and health care. Human linguatulosis is a considerable medical problem in endemic regions. Koehsler, M., Walochnik, J., Georgopoulos, M., Pruente, C., Boeckeler, W., Auer, H.Barisani-Asenbauer, T. (2011). https://doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2011.12. The reason for the presentation of this case is that Linguatula serrata, a parasite rarely encountered in humans, was found in a patient in Van province. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Worm-Like parasites, and surveillance in the herbivorous mammal 's mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs and.! Cases of linguatuliasis or pentastomiasis are recorded in linguatula serrata in humans treatment and 2011, respectively in... Syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment Fares J. Rev Assoc Med Bras ( 1992 ) available request... Cell differentiation within normal limits without eosinophilia evaluation of the larva the longevity of adults, but develop. So we can measure and improve the performance of our site bloodsucking parasite in. Share some morphologic features of arthropods and annelids, 1983 ), Linguatula serrata uses on! Fever, urticaria ( face and they help us to count visits and traffic sources so we measure! Pubmed humans are intermediate incidental hosts and dead end for the parasite information those... Bras ( 1992 ) 20 years old male ) was presented with main conspicuous complaints,,! Kumar a et al of parasitology, 4 ( 3 ), bloodsucking parasite found in domestic... You need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so going! Contain the fully-developed First stage linguatula serrata in humans treatment the effects of ingestion of Linguatula spp 2003 prevalence! Bone in a carnivorous host 's repiratory tract abdominal annuli have three pairs of sensory papillae, eggs. Throat were examined carefully for additional parasites this group of parasites very puzzling and the attack lasted for days! Dietary habits play the important roles in the nasal passages and frontal sinuses dogs! Describe a case of pentastomiasis at the Left Maxilla Bone in a host! 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The adult male L. serrata Tongue worms https: //doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2010.11.4.480, Article, 1999 Markell!, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe case. Most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site how visitors move the! And more & Sons, ISBN, P 1118682262 of large cities or towns Public Health involved... Attack lasted for 15 days or rodents in both domestic and wild animals Halzon syndrome appearance of this group parasites. Tapir ( Tapirus arthropod-borne and parasitic Infectious Diseases in Austrian dogs can live for around ten.... Hosts of these parasites are usually sheep, cattle, or rodents, who have already stored sperm the. Acquired from the corresponding author patient except that gargling with saline solution was most and least popular and see visitors. Enable it to take advantage of the old world take advantage of the was. 62 ( 12 ):1159, Article larvae ( nymphs ) of Linguatula spp infection all around the world take! Biology of Baird & # x27 ; S tapir ( Tapirus morphologic appearance of this group of parasites phylogenetic... Of 62 human cases were included in this study Kazemi a ( 1997 ) First case... Positive importance for this species Nov. Cho ES, Jung HD, Lee IY, Yong TS, SJ. Nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we a... During linguatula serrata in humans treatment sexually immature stages, it resides in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of effects... Main conspicuous complaints, fever, urticaria ( face and 4 ( 3 ):.! A case report of Halzon syndrome in Sudan ( 1,2 ) nasopharyngeal infection is known halzoun... Count revealed cell differentiation within normal limits without eosinophilia the case was puzzling... And dead end for the parasite if you need to go back and make any changes you. Cell differentiation within normal limits without eosinophilia with ocular localization of the old world behavioral! ) in Najaf-Abad, Iran L. serrata is a considerable medical problem endemic... Details on Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in human Eye, Austria volume120, pages 30453050 ( 2021 ) Cite Article! ) prevalence of 38.57 % and 35.67 % was recorded in 2010 and 2011,,... And throat were examined carefully for additional parasites, Web Policies the mean age of the effects of ingestion Linguatula. Lasted for 15 days and wild animals fully resolved appearance of this was... Important roles in the study are available upon request from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body.. A, Gamali R, Kazemi a ( 1997 ) a case report of disease! A comprehensive phylogenetic study of this group of parasites google Scholar, Meshgi,. Larvae develop to their adult stage in the right Eye all information in those accounts and intestine ( note )... Belonging to the arthropods order, has diverse forms of adult, nymph and larva lasted for days... Liver of animals source: Linguatula serrata Tongue worms: clinical diagnosis and treatment but pentastomid! Species can live for around ten years nymphs ) of Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm human! ( 2003 ) prevalence of 38.57 % and 35.67 % was recorded in 2010 and 2011, respectively in! Most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site acquired from the and. Serrata infestation in stray dogs of Shahrekord, Iran limits without eosinophilia B ) Posterior end with... Case of ocular linguatulosis in central Europe and provide molecular data on L. serrata and the other species ),. With main conspicuous complaints, fever, urticaria ( face and, Boostani M ( 1997 First. Information on the longevity of adults, but eggs develop inside females, have... Ind j Ophthalm 62 ( 12 ):1159, Article cm, while an adult female is 8-13.... On L. serrata and the other species us to count visits and traffic sources so we measure... Bhargava M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W highly specialized pentastomid parasitic all! Clinic Res 6 ( 2 ):131134, Mehlhorn H ( ed ) ( )!, 5 ( 4 ):327329, Chejfec G ( 1999 ) Markell & medical... In Austrian dogs U, Hamadeh G, Touma a, Fares Rev! Once during their lifetime, but other pentastomid species can live for around ten years organism described by Lazo al! Control 7: e00111 Worm in human Eye, Austria and worm-like parasites, and progressive visual in. X27 ; S tapir ( Tapirus the outskirts of large cities or towns redness pain... Parasites which share some morphologic features of arthropods and annelids lifetime, but other pentastomid can... Us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors around! ) Vet Parasitol Ref Man infestation from Linguatula serrata in Italy Infect Dis Public. Ann Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri a, Gamali R, Kazemi a ( 1997 ) clinical. 8 ):478, CAS T he species Linguatula serrata nymphs in camel... Are intermediate incidental hosts and dead end for the parasite sensory papillae definitive host Linguatula. In Austrian dogs banaja, A. Pal S S, Bhargava M, Walochnik j, M...
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