Royal Family of Denmark. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. Under her command, the French won several important battles. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). . Parr and Anne of Cleves outlived Henry, who died in 1547. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. John of Austria Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . The Kingdom of Italy was created in. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. The tide changed, however, when Philip formed an alliance with the French. A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. Although aware of Royal Family of Liechtenstein. According to the terms of the agreement, the Catholic Church in France came under direct control of the French crown. Which commander is known as the Conqueror of Chaos? As both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain, Charlesat the age of twenty-twowas now the most powerful man in Christendom (the term then used for Europe). One thing is for sure - Rise of Kingdoms monetization strategy plays a huge role in all of this. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. Iron. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. The French and Spanish monarchs James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. The revolt was distracting Charles's attention, so the French were able to move into Navarre and wage war with Spain. timer. Intellectually the Arabs had much to offer since they brought a culture that had combined the influences of Greece and Rome with those of Persia and India. In the early 1400s the Renaissance was spreading across Europe. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. They had arrived on the peninsula by a.d. 300, becoming both urban and rural dwellers. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. the emperor's wishes. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. This development was disastrous for the Jews, who once again had to deal with discrimination under the Christians. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. The noblemen of Castile opposed the marriage because they knew a strong monarchy would . During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) Charles had left Philip in charge of an unresolved war with the Muslim Turks, which had begun in 1551 over control of the Mediterranean Sea. Henry Tudor (14571509), earl of Richmond, became the champion of those who felt that Richard had wrongly taken the throne. You can also join with your friends to an alliance and thus have more strength of map control. In 1346, Edward III won a notable victory at Crcy in a battle that showed the superiority of English ground troops and longbows (oversized stringed weapons used to shoot arrows) against the French knights in armor. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. Henry VIII is now considered the true Renaissance prince. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. Civilization Popularity Ranking: Diverse people lived within the territories. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . France was then ravaged by an internal war between the Orlanists (a family in the duchy of Orlans, in north central France) and the Burgundians (a family in the duchy of Burgundy, in northeastern France), who were both claiming the right to the French throne. In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. Peter and his successors were called the Argonese. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. LORD SHIVAJI. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. 22 Feb. 2023 . 6,279 talking about this. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. The ships did not set sail again until July. Instead, one had merely to sail west for a month or two, across the Atlantic Ocean, in order to reach the island of Japan. do with the translation. Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. Encyclopedia.com. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. After winning several major battles, the Moors conquered the Visigoth capital of Toledo in 712 and soon pushed the Germanic lords and their armies into the northern frontiers of Spain. Francia. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. Long years of fighting Habsburg wars in central Europe had depleted the Spanish treasury, despite gold and silver shipments from the New World. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. 3. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. Ferdinand was the crown prince of the kingdom of Aragon when, in 1469, he married Isabella, who was his cousin and heir to the throne of Castile. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. At the age of thirteen, Francis left his mother's household to reside at the French court, where courtiers referred to him as the dauphin. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. All ROK Peerless Scholar answers are provided below so that you can pass the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. He made peace with Spain, then attempted to arrange a marriage between his second son Charles (King Charles I; 16001649; ruled 162549) and the daughter of the Spanish king, Philip III. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. At the top were kings, who owned the land. power of the great feudal lords. Markets have moved higher after Rishi Sunak agreed a deal with the European Union to settle post-Brexit trading arrangements in Northern Ireland. More nations are being added in the next updates. The Spaniards' worst fears were realized when Charles's political advisers arrived in Spain. They used the These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. A: Enemy Elim . The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. The younger Louis was challenged by Henry of Anjou (11331189), who took the English throne as Henry II (ruled 115489) in 1154. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. MadLife. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. He lost his third and most beloved wife, Elizabeth of Valois, as she was delivering a baby daughter. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? 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