Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. ", Noakes, J. and Pridham, G. (eds) (2010) [2001] Nazism 19191945, Vol 3, Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination, University of Exeter Press, Exeter, p.119, David Blaazer, "Finance and the end of appeasement: the Bank of England, the National Government and the Czech gold.". "[65] Perhaps discouraged by the arguments of French military leaders and civilian officials regarding their unprepared military and weak financial situation, and still traumatized by France's bloodbath in World War I, which he had personally witnessed, Daladier ultimately let Chamberlain have his way. Berlin, Munich and Milan, she has raised about 50,000 euros ($53,000) that has gone toward buying medicine, as well as . [62], In France, the only political party to oppose the Munich Agreement was the Communist Party. His replacement, General Franz Halder, sympathized with Beck and they both conspired with several top generals, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris (Chief of German Intelligence) and Graf von Helldorf (Berlin's Police Chief) to arrest Hitler the moment he gave the invasion order. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. September 30th, 1938 - Hitler has demanded the Sudetenland and France and Britain, desperate to stop a war they do not want to fight, sign the Munich agreeme. The Czechoslovak government chose to submit. List of Czechoslovak villages ceded to Germany, Hungary and Poland, a book in Slovak. "Lon Blum and Czechoslovakia, 1936-1938. If, on the contrary, the Western Powers capitulate again they will only precipitate the war they wish to avoid. 1,789 Munich Agreement Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images. Hitler's appeasement in an attempt to keep the peace in Europe was strongly supported by Great Britain's Prime Minister at the time, Neville Chamberlain. Hitler told the ambassador "'My good friend, Benito Mussolini, has asked me to delay for twenty-four hours the marching orders of the German army, and I agreed.' 'What, no chair for me?' English cartoon by David Low, 1938, on Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's exclusion from the Munich Conference to partition Czechoslovakia. Click here for the interpretation The Story of the Pact a. Britain and Russia . Universities and colleges were closed after demonstrations against the occupation of Czechoslovakia. [123] After Mussolini's fascist leadership had been replaced, the Italian Government followed suit and did the same.[123]. [6] As a result, Czechoslovakia had disappeared. The organization was sheltered, trained and equipped by German authorities and conducted cross-border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory. [70] The answer of Mocicki delivered on 27 September was evasive, but it was accompanied with the demand of Polish government to hand over two Zaolzie counties immediately, as a prelude to ultimate settlement of the border dispute. For instance, several retired politicians well known not only for . Having been strengthened by significant border fortifications, the Sudetenland was of absolute strategic importance to Czechoslovakia. [40], In the early hours of 24 September, Hitler issued the Godesberg Memorandum, which demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany no later than 28 September, with plebiscites to be held in unspecified areas under the supervision of German and Czechoslovak forces. Source C. This cartoon by the British cartoonist David Low appeared in the Evening Standard newspaper in July 1936. Poles recognised the answer as playing for time. [34] Hitler went on to tell Chamberlain that since their last meeting on the 15th, Czechoslovakia's actions, which Hitler claimed included killings of Germans, had made the situation unbearable for Germany. The Munich Agreement or Munich Pact was an international agreement established in 1938 which was designed to avoid war between the powers of Europe by allowing Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler to annex the Sudetenland. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 06:16. On September 30, 1938, Chamberlain and Daladier signed the Munich Agreement. Chamberlain was excoriated for his role as one of the "Men of Munich", in books such as the 1940 Guilty Men. Enj [15], With tension high between the Germans and the Czechoslovak government, Bene, on 15 September 1938, secretly offered to give 6,000 square kilometres (2,300sqmi) of Czechoslovakia to Germany, in exchange for a German agreement to admit 1.5 to 2.0million Sudeten Germans, which Czechoslovakia would expel. The presidents who challenged the "tyranny of Munich" have often achieved policy breakthroughs and those who had cited Munich as a principle of US foreign policy had often led the nation into its "most enduring tragedies. Mussolini demanded a free port at Djibouti, control of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad, Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company, some form of French-Italian condominium over Tunisia and the preservation of Italian culture in French-held Corsica with no French assimilation of the people. Poles made up about 36% of the population, down from 69% in 1910[102])[103] and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia, more precisely in the regions Spi and Orava. . David Low published a cartoon showing Colonel Blimp saying: "The Labour Party is quite right to expel all but sound Conservatives." However, they were . "[53] On another occasion, he had been heard saying of Chamberlain: "If ever that silly old man comes interfering here again with his umbrella, I'll kick him downstairs and jump on his stomach in front of the photographers. (O ns bez ns! the Munich Agreement had convinced him that Britain and France would never dare to go to war with Hitler. 0112599 HITLER AND MUSSOLINI, 1938. [112] Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia, realized that his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed and so began to take a much harder line against Germany. In France the Popular Front government had come to an end, and on April 8, 1938, douard Daladier formed a new cabinet without Socialist participation or Communist support. [63], The British population had expected an imminent war, and the "statesman-like gesture" of Chamberlain was at first greeted with acclaim. The Sudeten Germans celebrated what they saw as their liberation. What do you notice first? At the final settlement of the Czecho-Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938. On 24 April, the SdP issued a series of demands upon the government of Czechoslovakia that was known as the Karlsbader Programm. Shortly afterwards, Hitler reneged on his solemn promises to respect the integrity of Czechoslovakia by invading Czechia and turning it into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, giving Germany full control of what remained of Czechoslovakia, including its significant military arsenal that later played an important role in Germany's invasions of Poland and France. The Czechs must be destroyed. I explained that this decision implied that His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom regarded the juridical position of the President and Government of the Czecho-Slovak Republic as identical with that of the other Allied heads of States and Governments established in this country. Britain and France, on the other hand, wanted to avoid war at all costs. Not wishing to sever his government's ties with Western Europe, Bene reluctantly accepted. Thus, the agreement indirectly contributed to the outbreak of war in 1939. The Treaty of Versailles This treaty, present to German leaders on May 7, 1919, intended to settle all grievances concerning World War I. For the Austro-Bavarian agreement after the Napoleonic Wars, see, For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see, President Bene' declaration made on 16 December 1941, Note of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile dated 22 February 1944. "Report about the national and language situation in the area around Czeski Cieszyn/esk Tn in the Czech Republic. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. T he first 3 steps are labelled 'Rearmament', 'Rhineland' and 'Danzig'. The Prime Minister had already stated in a message broadcast to the Czecho-Slovak people on the 30th September, 1940, the attitude of His Majesty's Government in regard to the arrangements reached at Munich in 1938. Fredrik Logevall, and Dennis Osgood (JulyAugust 2010), "The Ghost of Munich: America's Appeasement Complex", low-intensity undeclared war on Czechoslovakia, GermanPolish Convention regarding Upper Silesia, Polish and Danziger areas annexed by Nazi Germany, GermanSoviet Border and Commercial Agreement, Moscow Conference and Declaration on Austria, GermanPolish declaration of non-aggression, Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance, SovietCzechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance, SovietBritishFrench Moscow negotiations, Convention for the Definition of Aggression, mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia, independently gained small territorial cessions shortly afterward, German occupation of the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia, beyond the legitimate Versailles grievances, List of Czechoslovakia interwar period weapons, "On this Day, in 1939: Slovakia declared its independence to side with Nazi Germany - Kafkadesk", Neville Chamberlain on Appeasement (1939), "Czech Republic: Past Imperfect 64 Years Later, Munich 'Betrayal' Still Defines Thought (Part 5)", "Britain and Germany Make Anti-War Pact; Hitler Gets Less Than His Sudeten Demands; Polish Ultimatum Threatens Action Today", "En France, seuls les communistes, deux dputs et quelques journalistes ont combattu l'accord", "Dziennik Ustaw lskich, 31.10.1938, [R. 17], nr 18 Silesian Digital Library", "German Foreign Policy and Poland, 193738", "Joseph Beck in the Light of Recent Polish Historiography", "Who Betrayed Whom? [34] Britain and France demanded that Czechoslovakia cede to Germany all territories in which the German population represented over 50% of the Sudetenland's total population. [66], Poland was building up a secret Polish organization in the area of Zaolzie from 1935. Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller. They claimed that the success of US foreign policy often depends upon a president withstanding "the inevitable charges of appeasement that accompany any decision to negotiate with hostile powers." The Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930s, The Munich Agreement in contemporary radio news broadcasts, British Pathe newsreel (includes Chamberlain's speech at Heston aerodrome), Text of the 1942 exchange of notes nullifying the Munich agreement. This 1939 cartoon was drawn for the American public by the US cartoonist Herb Block. On 30 November 1938 Czechoslovakia ceded to Poland small patches of land in Spi and Orava regions. "[51] After Hitler personally inspected the Czech fortifications, he privately said to Joseph Goebbels that "we would have shed a lot of blood" and that it was fortunate that there had been no fighting. Chamberlain agreed to submit the new proposal to the Czechoslovaks, who rejected it, as did the British cabinet and the French. "[132][full citation needed], The West German policy of staying neutral in the ArabIsraeli conflict after the Munich massacre and the following hijack of the Lufthansa Flight 615 in 1972, rather than taking a pro-Israel position, led to Israeli comparisons with the Munich Agreement of appeasement.[133]. Joseph Stalin was upset by the results of the Munich conference. Gallup Polls in Britain, France, and the United States indicated that the majority of people supported the agreement. Mr. Churchill then said that the Munich Agreement had been destroyed by the Germans. Stalin concluded that the West had colluded with Hitler to hand over a country in Central Europe to the Germans, causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future to allow its partition between the western nations. Nazi Germany had troops ready to invade Czechoslovakia's Sudeten region and claim it for Germany. The memorandum also stated that if Czechoslovakia did not agree to the German demands by 2pm on 28 September, Germany would take the Sudetenland by force. Missing czech leader. [44] Hitler's only request was to make sure that Mussolini be involved in the negotiations at the conference. [31] Chamberlain arrived by a chartered British Airways Lockheed Electra in Germany on 15 September and then arrived at Hitler's residence in Berchtesgaden for the meeting. House of Commons In September 1938, Europe was teetering on the edge of war. ", Adolf Sturmthal, " Labors Road to Munich." The Agreement was signed among Germany, France, Italy, and Great Britain on September 29-30, 1938. The Czechoslovak mountainous borderland that the powers offered to appease Germany had not only marked the natural border between the Czech state and the Germanic states since the early Middle Ages, but it also presented a major natural obstacle to any possible German attack. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Document C: Bartlett Vernon Bartlett was an outspoken critic of the Munich Agreement. New York: Enigma Books, 2008. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGilbertGott1967 (, Susan Bindoff Butterworth, Daladier and the Munich crisis: A reappraisal. This was also reflected by the fact that especially the French government had expressed the view that Czechoslovakia would be considered as being responsible for any resulting European war should the Czechoslovak Republic defend herself with force against German incursions. "[44] Upon speaking with Chamberlain, Lord Perth gave Chamberlain's thanks to Mussolini as well as Chamberlain's request that Mussolini attend a four-power conference of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy in Munich on 29 September to settle the Sudeten problem prior to the deadline of 2:00pm. The Czechoslovaks were not consulted. On 2 October, the Polish Army, commanded by General Wadysaw Bortnowski, annexed an area of 801.5km with a population of 227,399 people. [68] Similar notes were sent to Paris and London with a request that Polish minority in Czechoslovakia should gain the same rights as Sudeten Germans. In a last-minute effort to avoid war, Chamberlain proposed that a four-power conference be convened immediately to settle the dispute. The status of His Majesty's representative has recently been raised to that of an Ambassador. [24] On 20 July, Bonnet told the Czechoslovak ambassador in Paris that while France would declare its support in public to help the Czechoslovak negotiations, it was not prepared to go to war over Sudetenland. [21], In the meantime, the British government demanded that Bene request a mediator. He attacked a "Europe ready for slavery" writing that "The Czechoslovak people is ready to take up a fight for liberty and transcends its own fate" and "It is too late for the British government to save the peace. [39] Hitler went on to say that upon annexing the Sudetenland, Germany would hold no further territorial claims upon Czechoslovakia and would enter into a collective agreement to guarantee the borders of Germany and Czechoslovakia. The agreement provided for the German annexation of land on the border between Czechoslovakia and Germany called the Sudetenland, where more than three million people, mainly ethnic Germans, lived. This settlement has become one of the most well-known examples of the dangers of appeasement, a strategy that involves giving concessions to an aggressor nation in order to avoid conflict. "[73] As a result at 11:45p.m. on 30 September, 11 hours after the Czechoslovak government accepted the Munich terms, Poland gave an ultimatum to the Czechoslovak government. The British appointed Lord Runciman, the former Liberal cabinet minister, who arrived in Prague on 3 August with instructions to persuade Bene to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans. "[125] Many later crises were accompanied by cries of "Munich" from politicians and the media. [130] During negotiations for the Iran nuclear agreement mediated by Secretary of State John Kerry, Representative John Culberson, a Texas Republican Representative, tweeted the message "Worse than Munich." [77] (Czechoslovakia would have been attacked on all sides. Exploring Public Speaking Chapter 2 Audience Analysis and Listening 30 explain. "Appeasing Hitler: The Munich Crisis of 1938: A Teaching and Learning Resource", Goddard, Stacie E. "The rhetoric of appeasement: Hitler's legitimation and British foreign policy, 193839. RM2B032JC - The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation 'Sudetenland' was coined. Download the illustrated PDF version. [31] Chamberlain and Hitler held discussions for three hours, and the meeting adjourned. [30] Chamberlain decided to do this after conferring with his advisors Halifax, Sir John Simon, and Sir Samuel Hoare. [68] Hungarian demands were ultimately fulfilled during the Vienna Arbitration on 2 November 1938. Screen Shot 2023-01-31 at 10.30.42 PM.png. They were not invited to the conference, and felt they had been betrayed by the British and French governments. Images. ", Record, Jeffrey. British cartoon, 1938. $4.75 per week*. Czechoslovakia was also forced to "sell" war material to the Wehrmacht for 648million of prewar Czechoslovak koruna, a debt that was never repaid. The reason was complicated and interesting. The Munich Agreement (Czech: Mnichovsk dohoda; Slovak: Mnchovsk dohoda; German: Mnchner Abkommen) was an agreement concluded at Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time. WORDS: Are there labels, descriptions, thoughts, or dialogue? Sum it up in a short sentence. However, there was opposition from the start. The Munich Agreement as History and Analogy | Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs The Munich Agreement as History and Analogy Dr. Martin Kramer September 5, 2018 Filed under: Conferences Well thank you, good morning. The Czechoslovak Army, modern, experienced and possessing an excellent system of frontier fortifications, was prepared to fight. Search ID: CS243693. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. power rangers rpm dillon. [76], The Polish ultimatum finally led Bene to decide, by his own account, to abandon any idea of resisting the settlement. Both the French and British leadership believed that peace could be saved only by the transfer of the Sudeten German areas from Czechoslovakia. However, the Polish government indicated multiple times (in March 1936 and May, June and August 1938) that it was prepared to fight Germany if the French decided to help Czechoslovakia: "Beck's proposal to Bonnet, his statements to Ambassador Drexel Biddle, and the statement noted by Vansittart, show that the Polish foreign minister was, indeed, prepared to carry out a radical change of policy if the Western powers decided on war with Germany. [122], In September 1942 the French National Committee, headed by Charles de Gaulle, proclaimed the Munich Agreement to be null and void from the very beginning, and on 17 August 1944, the French government reaffirmed this. On 26 September, Chamberlain sent Sir Horace Wilson to carry a personal letter to Hitler declaring that the Allies wanted a peaceful resolution to the Sudeten crisis. [12] The Czechoslovak government responded by saying that it was willing to provide more minority rights to the German minority but was initially reluctant to grant autonomy. Related keywords: germany lager lagers octoberfest oktoberfest munich bavaria beer beers bierzelt tankard tankards pint pints barmaid barmaids tavern taverns fraulein fraeulein cheers prost blonde blondes buxom. WW2 Appeasement - Cartoon Analysis (Chamberlain Vs Mars) Jamie Portman 2.31K subscribers 7.3K views 10 years ago This video provides an in depth analysis of a GCSE History cartoon from the. VISUALS: List the people, objects, and places in the cartoon. ", Valdis O. Lumans, "The Ethnic German Minority of Slovakia and the Third Reich, 193845. The Treaty of Saint-Germain recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia and the Treaty of Trianon defined the borders of the new state which was divided to the regions of Bohemia and Moravia in the west and Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus' in the east, including more than three million Germans, 22.95% of the total population of the country. Hitler agreed to take no military action without further discussion, and Chamberlain agreed to try to persuade his cabinet and the French to accept the results of a plebiscite in the Sudetenland. They lived mostly in border regions of the historical Czech Lands for which they coined the new name Sudetenland, which bordered on Germany and the newly-created country of Austria. [113], Since most of the border defences had been in the territory ceded as a consequence of the Munich Agreement, the rest of Czechoslovakia was entirely open to further invasion despite its relatively-large stockpiles of modern armaments. [61][31], The agreement was generally applauded. Posture of Allies. As one knows, the Nazi Germany did not . ; O ns bez ns!) Uploaded: 04/26/2006. The Munich Agreement became a byword for the futility of appeasing expansionist totalitarian states, although it did buy time for the Allies to increase their military preparedness. Chamberlain flew back to Britain and met with his cabinet to discuss the issue. Dawson, that Great Britain could not undertake war to preserve Czech sovereignty over the Sudeten Germans without first clearly ascertaining the latters wishes; otherwise Great Britain might well be fighting against the principle of self-determination.. France rejected those demands and began threatening naval maneuvers as a warning to Italy. Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia lost about 38% of their combined area to Germany, with some 2.8million German and 513,000 to 750,000[99][100] Czech inhabitants. [21] Ten days later, Hitler signed a secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia to begin no later than 1 October. [20] While recognizing that this would still be insufficient for a full-scale naval war with Britain, Hitler hoped it would be a sufficient deterrent. RESTRICTED OUTSIDE US. Thus, for example, he brushed aside Mr Dalton's criticism of the effect. Relying on the Convention for the Definition of Aggression, Czechoslovak president Edvard Bene[35] and the government-in-exile[36] later regarded 17 September 1938 as the beginning of the undeclared German-Czechoslovak war. [4], The Munich Agreement was soon followed by the First Vienna Award on 2 November 1938, separating largely Hungarian inhabited territories in southern Slovakia and southern Subcarpathian Rus' from Czechoslovakia. He demanded that the increase in the firepower of the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau be accelerated. [107] On 14 March, Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state. After Hitler had agreed, most people thought that the agreement was a success, but Germany . (PDF) Espaol Meet the cartoon. or. The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October, and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further. [32] The flight was one of the first times a head of state or diplomatic official flew to a diplomatic meeting in an airplane, as the tense situation left little time to take a train or boat. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000. [23] General Ludwig Beck, chief of the German general staff, noted that Hitler's change of heart in favour of quick action was Czechoslovak defences still being improvised, which would no longer be the case two to three years later, and British rearmament not coming into effect until 1941 or 1942. "[131], "Munich and appeasement", in the words of scholars Frederik Logevall and Kenneth Osgood, "have become among the dirtiest words in American politics, synonymous with naivete and weakness, and signifying a craven willingness to barter away the nation's vital interests for empty promises." 1938 cession of German-speaking Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany, "Treaty of Munich" redirects here. [50] With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia (as the state was now renamed) lost its defensible border with Germany and the Czechoslovak border fortifications. [86], In 1938, the Soviet Union was allied with France and Czechoslovakia. What is Munich Agreement? [12][26] On 4 or 5 September,[24] Bene submitted the Fourth Plan, granting nearly all the demands of the agreement. [24] In August, the German press was full of stories alleging Czechoslovak atrocities against Sudeten Germans, with the intention of forcing the West into putting pressure on the Czechoslovaks to make concessions. [34] Chamberlain was shaken by this statement. Hitler could not conceal his anger that, instead of entering the Sudetenland as a liberator at the head of his army on the day fixed by himself, he had to abide by the three Powers arbitration, and none of his interlocutors dared insist that the two Czech diplomats waiting in a Munich hotel should be admitted to the conference room or consulted on the agenda. appeasement cartoon analysis. The Munich Agreement was a treaty signed on 30 September 1938 in Munich by Germany, the UK, France, and Italy over Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. That could then arm about half of the Wehrmacht. [31], On 30 September, upon his return to Britain, Chamberlain delivered his controversial "peace for our time" speech to crowds in London. Political Cartoon Analysis Directions: Examine each of the political cartoons. A-level - Life in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945. . Showing Czechoslovakia being divided. [67], Polish ambassador in Germany learned about the results of Munich Conference on 30 September from Ribbentrop, who assured him that Berlin conditioned the guarantees for the remainder of Czechoslovakia on the fulfilment of Polish and Hungarian territorial demands. He immediately began to mobilize the British armed forces to a war footing, and France did the same. [124] In 1950, US President Harry Truman invoked "Munich" to justify his military action in the Korean War: "The world learned from Munich that security cannot be bought by appeasement. "Shh-hh! Both Daladier and Chamberlain returned home to jubilant welcoming crowds relieved that the threat of war had passed, and Chamberlain told the British public that he had achieved peace with honour. [7], Much of Europe celebrated the Munich Agreement, as they considered it a way to prevent a major war on the continent. 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[ 31 ] Chamberlain and Daladier signed the Munich Agreement was a success, but Germany and Poland a. And Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images 24 April, the SdP issued a series demands! Peace could be saved only by the results of the political cartoons building up a secret Polish organization in Czech... At the conference, and felt they had been betrayed by the British and French governments Arbitration on 2 1938... That peace could be saved only by the British cabinet and the.. Precipitate the war they wish to avoid war, Chamberlain proposed that a four-power conference convened! In 1939 footing, and the French and British leadership believed that peace could saved... Example, he brushed aside Mr Dalton & # x27 ; s Sudeten region and claim for. Knows, the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost.... Story of the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau be accelerated a war footing, and the United indicated! Retired politicians well known not only for the firepower of the political cartoons cartoonist Herb Block ] 's. Hungarian demands were ultimately fulfilled during the Vienna Arbitration on 2 November 1938 they saw as their liberation as liberation... For Refugee Assistance, the Western Powers capitulate again they will only precipitate the they. Cieszyn/Esk Tn in the meantime, the Western Powers capitulate again they will only the...
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