About 33 villages were buried under the debris all caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. The statistic shows the economic damage caused by mudslides in the period from 1900 to 2016*. News of the landslide was not publicly revealed by the government and details of the disaster were not revealed until after the fall of the Soviet Union. More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. Heavy rainfall caused havoc in the Northern states of India and around June 16, 2013, a series of landslides and floods took over five thousand lives. [1], The earthquake occurred at 09:45 local time on 10 July 1949. The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake (Russian: 1949 ; Tajik: 1949) occurred at 09:45 local time (03:53 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of the Tajik SSR of the Soviet Union (within the modern boundary of Tajikistan). A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief was later erected at the site. Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. Article history: Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in Central Asia. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait Received 6 September 2008 earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan, central Tajikistan. For that reason, work to re-examine past seismically-driven events is very welcome, helping us to get a much better understanding of the range of processes and impacts in these events. Remarkably it travelled over a slope with an angle of just two degrees! These landslides involved rock-slope failure as well as many loess flowslides. The term landslide actually has two meanings. All rights reserved. Communities are urged to examine their costs of landslide damage and to evaluate the feasibility of several alternative programs that, for a modest investment, could significantly reduce these losses. The avalanche, locally referred to as Huayco, involved a massive ice sheet that was estimated to be about 1 kilometer wide and 40 feet high. Yablokov, Alexander (February 2001). Hence, the lethal waters, laden with debris from dam construction and large volumes of mud and rocks, inundated towns and villages and buried all forms of life that came in its way. Numerous kishlaks in the Yasman River valley were overwhelmed by the loess flowslide that swept down the whole length of the valley. Rostislav Khait was born on September 21, 1971, in Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, USSR [now Ukraine]. The final volume of the landslide is estimated to be about 75 MCM. 12 Biggest Landslides In History Haiyuan Earthquake/Landslides. [2], The volume of the initial rockfall has been estimated as 54 million cubic metres (MCM), expanding to about 65 MCM as it broke up. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit . The current lack of relevant tools to assess a complex and ever-changing environment in these cross-border areas does not allow an effective assessment of risks and planning for natural disaster mitigation. Mount Huascarn is a famous Peruvian mountain with a snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet. 36, No. A faint rumbling sound that increases in volume is noticeable as the landslide nears. Damm 2013).Most landslide databases store data sets on landslide location and thus provide functionality for landslide susceptibility modeling (cf. [2], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}391044N 705208E / 39.17889N 70.86889E / 39.17889; 70.86889. The dams function was to retain the glacial meltwaters of Lake Palcacocha helping to prevent against melting of the lakes glaciers. The Huaraz landslide caused a massive overflow that ran out of the lake to flood Huaraz city, this not only caused heavy damage and loss of as many as 5,000 lives while also roughly eliminating one-third of the town but the waters and debris continued to wreak havoc as traveled to the Santa River and across Peru into the Pacific Ocean. The 2005 NiasSimeulue earthquake occurred on 28 March off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Javascript must be enabled to use all features of this site and to avoid misfunctions, The first FREE portal which is able to compare COVID-19 Virus stats, bombs, buildings, helicopters, airplanes, cities, countries, continents and planets in an userfriendly interface. On average, Australia has an average elevation of 330 metres . The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Tajikistan and Afghanistan are two landlocked countries situated in one of the most isolated regions of Central Asia characterized by harsh weather conditions, extreme roughness of terrain and are prone to severe impact of scores of natural hazards, such as earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, floods, ravine and river erosion, loess subsidence etc. The unchecked tourism in the region had promoted the rapid growth of hotels, roads, and shops throughout the region without paying heed to the environmental laws and demands of the ecosystem. [2] References. Uncategorized Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. However, landslide costs across the country are not currently tracked or measured in a uniform way by any one agency, so this figure is likely to be an underestimate. Lidar studies conducted before and after the 2014 Oso slide revealed 25 landslides up and down the Stillaguamish River Valley. Information about the costs of damage and the benefits of measures to reduce landslide damage highlights the The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. 2009) re-examining the 1960 Huascaran rock avalanche in Peru. What stopped the Japanese from invading Australia? The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. This landslide was one of the most destructive landslides in history. The average cost for earthquake insurance is between $100 and $300 per year. Date: 1949: Source: USGS Earthquake information bulletin 20 : Author: R.L. United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. Haiyuan County alone lost more than 50% of its population in the disaster. Not long after its construction, on October 9, 1963, a gigantic sized piece of the mountain that was the size of a town fell into the man-made lake behind the dam. The natural calamity which struck the rural district of Haiyuan on the evening of December 16, 1920 claimed over 100,000 lives, and severely damaged an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers. The landslide became more mobile once it began to entrain loess material and reached the Obi-Kabud River where it traversed the floodplain and surmounted a 25 m high river terrace on the river's west bank. On November 13, 1985, the Armero tragedy struck upon the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz stratovolcano in Tolima, Colombia. An anecdotal time to failure curve is presented, based on eyewitness accounts and observations of instability. A more recent study, based on the size of affected settlements and the likely population density, gave an estimate of 7,200 of which about 800 were caused by the Khait landslide and 4,000 by the Yasman valley flowslide. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Throughout their work, the authors sought advice of managers and public service employees, research institutes, national non-governmental organizations on both sides, as well as delegations of international organizations acting under UN aegis. The area covered by the Yasman valley slide is about 24.4km2, with a total estimated volume of 245 MCM (million cubic metres). Much of the debris flow material was deposited before the slide reached the valley bottom, but the frontal part of the slide began increasingly to incorporate loess material and to accelerate. Required fields are marked *. Where studies of cost of landslide damages have been conducted, it is apparent that {1} costs to the public and private sectors of our economy due to landslide damage are much larger than anticipated; {2} taxpayers and public officials generally are unaware of the magnitude of the cost, owing perhaps to the lack of any centralization of data; and {3} incomplete records and unavailability of records result in lower reported costs than actually were incurred. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Evans, S., Roberts, N., Ischuk, A., Delaney, K., Morozova, G., & Tutubalina, O. the cost of so many lost lives most agreed that this madness could never happen again 2 world war 2 death toll estimate 72 . If the costs were available for the damages from landslides in Los Angeles in 1977-78 and 1979-80, the annual per capita costs probably would be much larger. A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarn, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970, On the loss of life in landslides during the 1949 Khait earthquake. The relevance of recent heavy rain and an almost synchronous seismic event are considered but it is concluded that the movement was the result of progressive failures and tectonic weakening while the landslide hazard was increased by the presence of rice paddy fields in the valley bottom. The mushrooming of hydroelectric dams in Uttarakhand was also another important factor held responsible for the environmental damage. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 6. The adjacent valleys of Yasman and Khait were the most affected by these earthquake-induced landslides. Privacy Policy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths), 9. Steve and his colleagues have also just published a similar paper (Evans et al. Nearly 22,000 people perished in this natural disaster. What are the different types of landslide hazard maps? Listed as one of the worst landslide disasters of the 20th century, on May 19, 1919, the Mount Kelut volcano set on the island of Java, Indonesia broke out expelling a gust of water from its crater lake onto the sloping side of the mountain, the chaotic incident resulted in a series of volcanic lahars that plummeted downwards onto the villages. The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak. These landslides. Some single landslide events have killed numbers in excess of the populations of small countries. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". (2009). Almost half of the U.S. states are at risk for earthquake damage. The khait landslide traveled 7.41 kilometres in a downhill with a distance of 1421 metres. 1 What has been the 10 worst landslide disasters in history? The improper development at the hillsides in these regions and also the lack of construction laws led to the cramped, possibly overpopulated settling in the risky hilly regions. Today, there are temporary tombstones around the place that mark the terrible fate of those who died there. It does not store any personal data. The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths) 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths) Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths) There were many more casualties in other towns such as Chinchin. In terms of total natural damage claims, storms cost Norwegian insurance companies the most but landslides result in far greater single payouts. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths. The landslides completely buried the towns of Carmen de Uria and Cerro Grande, many homes were washed into the ocean. For the Khait landslide itself they conclude that about 800 fatalities is probably a reasonable estimate - note that this very considerably less than earlier estimates. The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a method to estimate the cost of landslide damages in regional and local areas and has applied the method in three urban areas and one rural area. Losses from landslides in the United States were estimated in 1980 to exceed $1 billion per year. In total, almost 150 settlements were affected by this landslide and A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and . The landslide near the rural community of Manti, Utah, caused an expenditure of about $1,800,000 or about $1,000 per person during the period 1974-76. . The gravitational pull that facilitates a collective movement of soil, rock, and debris down a steep slope is called a landslide. The worst affected areas included the the epicenter of the earthquake in the Haiyuan County in what is now the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, as well as the neighboring provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi. The timing and location of this event, soon after the war in an area about which the Soviet Union was very secretive, has meant that it has been very difficult to determine any details about the landslides that were triggered in the earthquake. Casting Landslide requires an unobstructed enemy target. The Haiyuan Earthquake/Landslides have been the worst landslide ever recorded in history. As many as 109 people died in the Philippines when Typhoon Olga provoked torrential rains and flooding throughout much of South East Asia in early August. Some reports, such as the Wikipedia article on this landslide, have suggested a death toll as high as 28,000 people, although to be fair this may well be something of a misinterpretation of the original source. What do they mean. This was a Mw=7.4 event on 10th July 1949 in the Tien Shan mountains of what is now Tajikistan, but was then the Soviet Union. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. 3 What main factors cause landslides and floods? An earthquake created a landslide which buried 33 villages, killing up to 28,000 people. The second, less common outside of geology, refers to areas that have a history of landslides. khait landslide involved rockslides with saturated loess travelling at an estimated average . The death toll from a mudslide that hit the north-western US state of Washington has risen to 29 people, with 20 others still missing. One of the deadliest eruptions of this volcano occurred on May 19, 1919, when over 38 million cubic meters of water were expelled from the crater lake of the volcano, which had accumulated large amounts of sediment and volcanic material to form lethal lahars. Kneale, 1985. . This blog The southern margin of the Tien Shan is characterised by combination of dextral strike-slip faulting and southward thrusting over the Tajik Basin to the south along the Gissar-Kokshaal fault zone. The Khait Landslide involved rockslides with saturated loess travelling at an estimated average velocity of around 30 meters per second. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Because a recurrence for such a landslide cannot be established, it is not possible to develop a meaningful estimate of annual per capita damages. The landslide covered homes and left dozens missing . Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. Climate and climate change controls precipitation and snowmelt (frequency, intensity and magnitude, seasonality, cyclonality and the respective changes), and are the most important external drivers for landslides and flooding. They develop during intense rainfall, runoff, or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into a flowing river of mud or slurry .. Most of the landslides occurred along the sides of the Yasman River valley, a tributary of the Surkhob River, caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. The rainfall triggered a series of large and small flash floods and debris flows that claimed around 30,000 lives in the region. The event, known as the Diexi Slides, claimed more than 3,000 lives, and destroyed many villages within the affected region. The landslide around 200BC which formed Lake Waikaremoana on the North Island of New Zealand, where a large block of the Ngamoko Range slid and dammed a gorge of Waikaretaheke River between the Ngamoko and Panekiri ranges, forming a natural reservior up to 248 metres deep. The lahars moved down the mountains with high velocity and swept away and drowned all that were unfortunate enough to be in its path. What causes them? Of the 8 th International Conf. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. Tectonic and gravity-induced deformation along the active TalasFergana Fault, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, Strug landslide in W Slovenia: A complex multi-process phenomenon, Techniques, advances, problems and issues in numerical modelling of landslide hazard, Physically-based modelling of granular flows with Open Source GIS, A Review of Recent Case Studies of Landslides Investigated in the Tien Shan Using Microseismic and Other Geophysical Methods, preliminary description and slope stability analyses of the 2008 little Salmon lake and 2007 Mt. Management and Analitical Center at Committee of ES&CD Tajikistan, Azimov Alimardon Shoirmardonovich, Director of FAZO Institute of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan and Shahbozov Shahboz Amzalievich, chief engineer of FAZO Institute, Research Center of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan, Farshed Karimov Deputy Director of the Institute of Geology, Seismology and Earthquake Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, the staff workers of WHO, UN IOM, Imomberdi Berdor, Program Officer of Focus Humanitarian Assistance in Tajikistan, Jumaeva Svetlana, Executive Director of the Center for climate change and disaster reduction, Doctor Mohammad Daim Kakhar, General Director of the Afghan National Office of Disaster Management, Aidan OLeary, Head of UN OCHA Afghanistan, Doctor Emlyn Hagen of NATO 3C Agency, Stefano Disperati, Chief Information Officer of iMMAP in Afghanistan, Nur Mohammad Kashani, Chief Program Officer of FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance in Afghanistan. It is important to understand how the reluctance of visitors to travel to and within 'landslide areas' is affected after an event that has received publicity and/or caused casualties and how a period of . Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. How did the landslide trigger the eruption of Mt St Helens? Besides, the authors also express their sincere appreciation to staff members of UNDP Tajikistan, who have provided logistical support during project implementation phase. It is difficult to estimate the monetary costs of landslides because they can include both direct and indirect costs. The earthquake resulted in the disintegration of the glacier on the slope of Mount Huascarn, right above the Yungay village which had a total population of about 25,000. Alessandro Tibaldi, Derek Rust, Federico Pasquar Mariotto, Luca Bonzanigo, Havenith Hans-balder, Almaz Torgoev, Anika Braun, Romy Schlgel, Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, IOP Conf. . 1933. It has been 11 days since the town of Oso, north of Seattle,. Re: Second Appeal - Ohio Township (Monroe), PA ID: 111-57988-00, FEMA-4424-DR-OH, Grants Manager Project 100652 - Result of Declared Incident, Landslides and Slope Stabilization. Unusually for a science paper the article is a ripping-good read. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. What are the natural causes of landslides? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Haiyuan Flows, Ningxia, China, December 1920 (100,000+ deaths), Geotechnical Engineering Rule of Thumb Rajapakse Free PDF, Drilled Shafts Construction Procedures And Design Methods Free PDF, Advanced Soil Mechanics Braja.Das Free PDF, An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering Holtz & Kovacs Free PDF, Principales And Practice Of Ground Improvement Free PDF, Seismic Design Of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings Free PDF, Concrete Box Culvert analysis and Design Spreadsheet, Russia-Japan railway bridge would let you travel from London to Tokyo, Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Types of Dams, advantages, disadvantages and classification, x-Force keygen for ALL Autodesk products v2020. . Landslides are more frequent and more likely to occur on higher ground. On the Tajik side, the highest extent of natural hazard is observed in Dogiston, Yel and Shurobod (mountains) Jamoats and across a number of Jamoats of Hamadoni and Farkhor districts, at Pyandj and Kyzylsu River floodplain (plains), while on the Afghan side, at south-eastern part of Chahi-Ab administrative district (Takhor province, mountains), Pyandj River floodplain, lower reaches of Djilgai-Jangikala and Kunduz Rivers and Kochka River mouth (plains of Kunduz and Takhar provinces). [1], Most of the landslides triggered by the earthquake were loess flowslides, involving failure and flow of unconsolidated loess material. The Regional Director . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. To 28,000 people of a woman with her head and hands lowered an. 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